Wikiwurdboek:International Phonetic Alphabet

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The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is a system of phonetic notation devised by linguists to accurately and uniquely represent each of the wide variety of sounds (phones or phonemes) used in spoken human language. It is intended as a notational standard for the phonemic and phonetic representation of all spoken languages.

The English pronunciation key shows, based on the pronunciation of English words, how to read IPA, whereas the information below is of more theoretical nature. For further information see the bottom of this page.

Consonants (Pulmonic)

	Bilabial	Labiodental	Dental	Alveolar	Postalveolar	Retroflex	Palatal	Velar	Uvular	Pharyngeal	Glottal
Plosive	p b	p̪ b̪	t̪ d̪	t d		ʈ ɖ	c ɟ	k ɡ	q ɢ		ʔ
Nasal	m	ɱ	n̪	n		ɳ	ɲ	ŋ	ɴ
Trill	ʙ		r̪	r					ʀ
Tap or Flap			ɾ̪	ɾ		ɽ
Lateral Tap or Flap				ɺ
Fricative	ɸ β	f v	θ ð	s z	ʃ ʒ	ʂ ʐ	ç ʝ	x ɣ	χ ʁ	ħ ʕ	h ɦ
Lateral Fricative				ɬ ɮ
Approximant		ʋ		ɹ		ɻ	j	ɰ
Lateral Approximant			l̪	l		ɭ	ʎ	ʟ

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a voiced consonant.
Shaded areas denote articulations judged impossible.

Consonants (Non-pulmonic)

Clicks		Voiced implosives		Ejectives
ʘ	Bilabial click	ɓ	Bilabial voiced implosive	ʼ	For example:
ǀ	Dental click	ɗ	Dental/alveolar voiced implosive	pʼ	Bilabial ejective
ǃ	(Post)alveolar click	ʄ	Palatal voiced implosive	tʼ	Dental/alveolar ejective
ǂ	Palatoalveolar click	ɠ	Velar voiced implosive	kʼ	Velar ejective
ǁ	Alveolar lateral click	ʛ	Uvular voiced implosive	sʼ	Alveolar fricative ejective

Vowels

Front

N.-front

Central

N.-back

Back

Close

i•y

ɨ•ʉ

ɯ•u

ɪ•ʏ

ʊ

e•ø

ɘ•ɵ

ɤ•o

ə

ɛ•œ

ɜ•ɞ

ʌ•ɔ

æ

ɐ

a•ɶ

ɑ•ɒ

Near-close

Close-mid

Mid

Open-mid

Near-open

Open

Where symbols appear in pairs, the one to the right represents a rounded vowel.

Other Symbols

ʍ	Voiceless labial-velar fricative
w	Voiced labial-velar approximant
ɥ	Voiced labial-palatal approximant
ʜ	Voiceless epiglottal fricative
ʢ	Voiced epiglottal fricative
ʡ	Epiglottal plosive
ɕ ʑ	Alveolo-palatal fricatives
ɧ	Simultaneous ʃ and x

Affricates and double articulations can be represented by two symbols joined by a tie bar if necessary:
k͡p t͡s

Suprasegmentals

ˈ	Primary stress
ˌ	Secondary stress
ː	Long
ˑ	Half-long
˘	Extra-short
.	Syllable break
ǀ	Minor (foot) group
ǁ	Major (intonation) group
‿	Linking (absence of a break)

Tones & Word Accents

Diacritics

Diacritics may be placed above a symbol with a descender, e.g. ŋ̊

̥	Voiceless	̤	Breathy voiced	̪	Dental
̬	Voiced	̰	Creaky voiced	̺	Apical
ʰ	Aspirated	̼	Linguolabial	̻	Laminal
˒	More rounded	ʷ	Labialized	̃	Nasalized
˓	Less rounded	ʲ	Palatalized	ⁿ	Nasal release
˖	Advanced	ˠ	Velarized	ˡ	Lateral release
˗	Retracted	ˁ	Pharyngealized	̚	No audible release
̈	Centralized	̴	Velarized or pharyngealized
̽	Mid-centralized	̝	Raised (ɹ̝ = voiced alveolar fricative)
ˌ	Syllabic	̞	Lowered (β̞ = voiced bilabial approximant)
̯	Non-syllabic	̘	Advanced Tongue Root
˞	Rhoticity	̙	Retracted Tongue Root

͍	Labial Spreading	͈	Strong Articulation	͊	Denasal
͆	Dentolabial	͉	Weak Articulation	͋	Nasal Escape
̪͆	Interdental/Bidental	\	Reiterated Articulation	͌	Velopharyngeal Friction
̳	Alveolar	͎	Whistled Articulation	↓	Ingressive Airflow
̼	Linguolabial	͢	Sliding Articulation	↑	Egressive Airflow